Balance Redox Reaction Example Problem

When balancing redox reactions, the overall electronic charge must be balanced in addition to the usual molar ratios of the component reactants and products. This example problem illustrates how to use the half-reaction method to balance a redox reaction in a solution. Question Balance the following redox reaction in an acidic solution: Cu(s) HNO3(aq) → Cu2(aq) NO(g) Solution Step 1: Identify what is being oxidized and what is being reduced. To identify which atoms are being reduced or oxidized, assign oxidation states to each atom of the reaction. For review: Rules for Assigning Oxidation StatesAssigning Oxidation States Example ProblemOxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem Cu(s): Cu 0HNO3: H 1, N 5, O -6Cu2: Cu 2NO(g): N 2, O -2 Cu went from oxidation state 0 to 2, losing two electrons. Copper is oxidized by this reaction.N went from oxidation state 5 to 2, gaining three electrons. Nitrogen is reduced by this reaction. Step 2: Break the reaction into two half-reactions: oxidation and reduction. Oxidation: Cu → Cu2 Reduction: HNO3 → NO Step 3: Balance each half-reaction by both stoichiometry and electronic charge. This is accomplished by adding substances to the reaction. The only rule is that the only substances you can add must already be in the solution. These include water (H2O), H ions (in acidic solutions), OH- ions (in basic solutions) and electrons. Start with the oxidation half-reaction: The half-reaction is already balanced atomically. To balance electronically, two electrons must be added to the product side. Cu → Cu2 2 e- Now, balance the reduction reaction. This reaction requires more work. The first step is to balance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogen. HNO3 → NO There is only one nitrogen atom on both sides, so nitrogen is already balanced. The second step is to balance the oxygen atoms. This is done by adding water to the side that needs more oxygen. In this case, the reactant side has three oxygens and the product side has only one oxygen. Add two water molecules to the product side. HNO3 → NO 2 H2O The third step is to balance the hydrogen atoms. This is accomplished by adding H ions to the side that needs more hydrogen. The reactant side has one hydrogen atom while the product side has four. Add 3 H ions to the reactant side. HNO3 3 H → NO 2 H2O The equation is balanced atomically, but not electrically. The final step is to balance the charge by adding electrons to the more positive side of the reaction. One the reactant side, the overall charge is 3, while the product side is neutral. To counteract the 3 charge, add three electrons to the reactant side. HNO3 3 H 3 e- → NO 2 H2O Now the reduction half-equation is balanced. Step 4: Equalize the electron transfer. In redox reactions, the number of electrons gained must equal the number of electrons lost. To accomplish this, each reaction is multiplied by whole numbers to contain the same number of electrons. The oxidation half-reaction has two electrons while the reduction half-reaction has three electrons. The lowest common denominator between them is six electrons. Multiply the oxidation half-reaction by 3 and the reduction half-reaction by 2. 3 Cu → 3 Cu2 6 e-2 HNO3 6 H 6 e- → 2 NO 4 H2O Step 5: Recombine the half-reactions. This is accomplished by adding the two reactions together. Once they are added, cancel out anything that appears on both sides of the reaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Cu → 3 Cu2 6 e- 2 HNO3 6 H 6 e- → 2 NO 4 H2O 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6H 6 e- → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O 6 e- Both sides have six electrons that can be canceled. 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O The complete redox reaction is now balanced. Answer 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O To summarize: Identify the oxidation and reduction components of the reaction.Separate the reaction into the oxidation half-reaction and reduction half-reaction.Balance each half-reaction both atomically and electronically.Equalize the electron transfer between oxidation and reduction half-equations.Recombine the half-reactions to form the complete redox reaction.

Intentional Revolutions Is Organizational Change - 1218 Words

Intentional Revolutions is organizational change that requires people to examine and alter the basic assumptions driving and supporting the present state of their organizational life. It is about change that asks people to do things in dramatically new and different ways, as opposed to making small improvements in current practices. The requirements for remaining competitive often include sharp breaks with past beliefs and practices. There is need for organizations of all kinds to make discontinuous changes in significant aspects of their being. To make revolution is to attack values and practices that are valued or cherished or accepted within the prevailing culture. Slide 1 Transformation – creation of a new organizational reality. These organizations are continuously and fundamentally adaptive and self-renewing. Slide 2 The challenge of Transformational Change †¢ Discontinuous Thinking †¢ Building a New Consciousness †¢ Practical Dimensions of Transformation †¢ The Path of Least Resistance Discontinuous Thinking Rapid and unpredictable changes in an organizational environment lead to understanding that the traditional response modes, such as downsizing and piecemeal structural process rearrangements, no longer provide sufficient competitive edge. Corporations must change in ways that are discontinuous with what has gone before. For example, (Insert example of your organization such as when your new leadership came in or the relationship of your dean with the guy that didShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Technologically Advanced Society, Data Is An1682 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology has great significance. Protecting the confidential and sensitive data stored within a repository is the sole purpose of database security. 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Unilever free essay sample

Unilever should introduce a new, premium bar soap named Omo Luz for quality and value-conscious consumers, while lowering the price point of Minerva to reduce cannibalization and increase appeal to low to middle income segment in Northeast Brazil. In order to accomplish this mission and remain profitable, target primarily married low income women who value family and reputation; those who would otherwise buy PG brand detergent or a local brand. This new Omo product will be the best performing bar soap on the market, combining the familiarity of bar soap, the lack of residue and power of Omo detergent powder and the fragrant foaming experience that connote cleanliness, family love and pride. Background information Context – The Government stimulus program, Plano Real, has been a driver of the change in Brazil. The effects of improving the purchasing power of the poorest 10% of the population citizens and controlling inflation have primed Brazil for growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Unilever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, macro-issues such as the cycles of economic stress and recovery, illiteracy and societal dependence on the business of agriculture are key market-expanding considerations for Unilever. Customers – 48MM people live in the NE. Women typically do the laundry in this region, and do so with pride and with a much greater frequency than in other parts of the country. The NE population has the lowest GDP per capita of any region in Brazil, despite increased purchasing power due to government aid. The consumers in the NE also tended to use more laundry soap than detergent powder as it is a much cheaper product. Competition – Proctor Gamble (PG) is the only other major player in the detergent market, and hold 15% of the market compared to Unilever’s 81%. Though PG does not offer a laundry soap product, the company is a key competitor because of their sheer size and marketing prowess. In the laundry soap market, Unilever’s Minerva brand competes only with local Brazilian companies and mom and pop stores. In both product categories, Unilever commands a substantial price premium to the competition. Collaborators –The existing network of generalist wholesalers and other secondary distributors who have access to the NE region and play a major role in product delivery. Potentially, contracts with specialized distributors could optimize point-of-purchase activity and relationships within the manufacturing industry. Company – Unilever is a global, $56B company that operates three divisions in Brazil. Detergents are sold from its Home Care business unit, which is the company’s â€Å"cash cow†. Historically, the company has not been successful in marketing to low-income consumers and also does not typically use small retail outlets for distribution of its products. Unilever was the first multinational corporation to enter the Brazilian market, and now has an 81% market share in the detergent powder category. Most of their customers for detergent powder currently come from the richer SE region, as low-income consumers in the NE were less able to afford Unilever’s premium brands. Market Size The detergent powder market in the NE is currently worth $106MM (42,000 tons), and is expected to grow by 17% next year to $124MM (49,000 tons). In this market, Unilever currently has an 81% market share in the detergent powder category with 3 brands of detergent powder – Omo (the market leader), Minerva and Campeiro. However, Unilever’s market share is 75% in the NE.

Veja Case Study Summary Essay Example

Veja Case Study Summary Essay Case Study Assignment Newman was negligent in his actions on the road when he swerved into oncoming traffic. Julie Mycology is simply looking for compensation for her injuries. The fact that Newman is not a full time employee and only works when he sees fit makes him an independent contractor that you pay for his services. Because he is an independent contractor, you could argue that independent contractors have liability, and this could possibly help you defend your company against the lawsuit. Elaine starting her own business and the use of the old, used tock is an issue because you cannot get out of or reconstruct your contract at this time. Due to the fact that you both are merchants and abide to the USC, you are not allowed to change the terms of your agreement. This was Just a bad decision on your part. George not knowing the arrangement between the company and Elaine is not an issue. You two are not at fault for not informing George because he does not hold a position in the corporate office, therefore has no say in what business decisions are made. We will write a custom essay sample on Veja Case Study Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veja Case Study Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veja Case Study Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He will possibly try to sue for this arrangement arguing that he is the majority hardheaded because of this, George can sue under Shareholders Derivative Suit, which means, that since he is a shareholder, he has the right to sue if the company Is doing something unethical. In this case, George will lose the case because although this arrangement with Elaine wasnt smart, it wasnt unethical either. If Elaine sells her shares to George, there is a possibility of him voting you out of your position as President. In the Articles of Incorporation, it states that there are preemptive purchasing rights on any stocks being sold by any shareholder.