Balance Redox Reaction Example Problem

When balancing redox reactions, the overall electronic charge must be balanced in addition to the usual molar ratios of the component reactants and products. This example problem illustrates how to use the half-reaction method to balance a redox reaction in a solution. Question Balance the following redox reaction in an acidic solution: Cu(s) HNO3(aq) → Cu2(aq) NO(g) Solution Step 1: Identify what is being oxidized and what is being reduced. To identify which atoms are being reduced or oxidized, assign oxidation states to each atom of the reaction. For review: Rules for Assigning Oxidation StatesAssigning Oxidation States Example ProblemOxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem Cu(s): Cu 0HNO3: H 1, N 5, O -6Cu2: Cu 2NO(g): N 2, O -2 Cu went from oxidation state 0 to 2, losing two electrons. Copper is oxidized by this reaction.N went from oxidation state 5 to 2, gaining three electrons. Nitrogen is reduced by this reaction. Step 2: Break the reaction into two half-reactions: oxidation and reduction. Oxidation: Cu → Cu2 Reduction: HNO3 → NO Step 3: Balance each half-reaction by both stoichiometry and electronic charge. This is accomplished by adding substances to the reaction. The only rule is that the only substances you can add must already be in the solution. These include water (H2O), H ions (in acidic solutions), OH- ions (in basic solutions) and electrons. Start with the oxidation half-reaction: The half-reaction is already balanced atomically. To balance electronically, two electrons must be added to the product side. Cu → Cu2 2 e- Now, balance the reduction reaction. This reaction requires more work. The first step is to balance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogen. HNO3 → NO There is only one nitrogen atom on both sides, so nitrogen is already balanced. The second step is to balance the oxygen atoms. This is done by adding water to the side that needs more oxygen. In this case, the reactant side has three oxygens and the product side has only one oxygen. Add two water molecules to the product side. HNO3 → NO 2 H2O The third step is to balance the hydrogen atoms. This is accomplished by adding H ions to the side that needs more hydrogen. The reactant side has one hydrogen atom while the product side has four. Add 3 H ions to the reactant side. HNO3 3 H → NO 2 H2O The equation is balanced atomically, but not electrically. The final step is to balance the charge by adding electrons to the more positive side of the reaction. One the reactant side, the overall charge is 3, while the product side is neutral. To counteract the 3 charge, add three electrons to the reactant side. HNO3 3 H 3 e- → NO 2 H2O Now the reduction half-equation is balanced. Step 4: Equalize the electron transfer. In redox reactions, the number of electrons gained must equal the number of electrons lost. To accomplish this, each reaction is multiplied by whole numbers to contain the same number of electrons. The oxidation half-reaction has two electrons while the reduction half-reaction has three electrons. The lowest common denominator between them is six electrons. Multiply the oxidation half-reaction by 3 and the reduction half-reaction by 2. 3 Cu → 3 Cu2 6 e-2 HNO3 6 H 6 e- → 2 NO 4 H2O Step 5: Recombine the half-reactions. This is accomplished by adding the two reactions together. Once they are added, cancel out anything that appears on both sides of the reaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Cu → 3 Cu2 6 e- 2 HNO3 6 H 6 e- → 2 NO 4 H2O 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6H 6 e- → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O 6 e- Both sides have six electrons that can be canceled. 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O The complete redox reaction is now balanced. Answer 3 Cu 2 HNO3 6 H → 3 Cu2 2 NO 4 H2O To summarize: Identify the oxidation and reduction components of the reaction.Separate the reaction into the oxidation half-reaction and reduction half-reaction.Balance each half-reaction both atomically and electronically.Equalize the electron transfer between oxidation and reduction half-equations.Recombine the half-reactions to form the complete redox reaction.

Intentional Revolutions Is Organizational Change - 1218 Words

Intentional Revolutions is organizational change that requires people to examine and alter the basic assumptions driving and supporting the present state of their organizational life. It is about change that asks people to do things in dramatically new and different ways, as opposed to making small improvements in current practices. The requirements for remaining competitive often include sharp breaks with past beliefs and practices. There is need for organizations of all kinds to make discontinuous changes in significant aspects of their being. To make revolution is to attack values and practices that are valued or cherished or accepted within the prevailing culture. Slide 1 Transformation – creation of a new organizational reality. These organizations are continuously and fundamentally adaptive and self-renewing. Slide 2 The challenge of Transformational Change †¢ Discontinuous Thinking †¢ Building a New Consciousness †¢ Practical Dimensions of Transformation †¢ The Path of Least Resistance Discontinuous Thinking Rapid and unpredictable changes in an organizational environment lead to understanding that the traditional response modes, such as downsizing and piecemeal structural process rearrangements, no longer provide sufficient competitive edge. Corporations must change in ways that are discontinuous with what has gone before. For example, (Insert example of your organization such as when your new leadership came in or the relationship of your dean with the guy that didShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Technologically Advanced Society, Data Is An1682 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology has great significance. Protecting the confidential and sensitive data stored within a repository is the sole purpose of database security. Database security is the mechanisms that protects databases against intentional or accidental threats. Any situation or event, whether intentional or accidental, that may adversely affect a system and/or the organization must be considered as a threat. Database security is implemented within organizations to ensure that all essential data is protected. TheRead MoreAppreciative Advising : Literature Review1213 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine what career they should have. Essentially that advisor is taking on the responsibility of facilitating the planning of a student s next four years and their next forty years as well. Appreciative Inquiry Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is â€Å"an organizational development tool that focuses on bringing out the best in people and organizations, instead of viewing them as problems that need to be solved† (Bloom, 2002). It became popular in the late 1980’s and set the pace for what the field of academicRead MoreStrategic Analysis : Strategic Human Resource Management Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach to organizational strategy and is evolving in the workplace. Since change is inevitable, it makes sense that HRM would try to take a pro-active step and forecasting for the future is one strategic way to plan rather than yesterday’s thoughts of simply recruiting, training, and employee benefits. Another example that requires implementation of SHRM is of the aging workforce. Analysis and data must be conducted to determine how this new shift could affect the organization and what changes, if anyRead More Intelligence Analysis Essay2050 Words   |  9 Pagesambiguo us or uncertain situations, humans form cognitive biases. Informed because of personal experience, education, and specifically applied to intelligence analysis, Davis (2008) also adds, biases formed by factors such as past reporting and organizational norms (Davis 2008, 158-160). Former Central Intelligence Analyst Jones (1998) defines biases as, â€Å"an unconscious belief that conditions, governs, and compels our behavior† (Jones 1998, 22). Analyst see targets via their personal cognitive biasesRead MoreEvolution of Management Theory3679 Words   |  15 Pagescomplex organizations. It has to be unequivocally emphasized that managers who mix management theories in their day-to-day practice, have better chances of managing their organizations more efficiently and effectively to achieve both individual and organizational objectives. Therefore, managers of contemporary organizations ought to appreciate the important role they play in their respective organizations if they are to achieve set goals. Secondly, there is need to promote excellence among all personsRead MoreOrganizational Knowledge Theory And Practice3306 Words   |  14 Pages Portfolio Project – Organizational Knowledge Mike Meeker ORG502- Effective Organizations: Theory and Practice Colorado State University- Global Campus Dr. Mike Lavelle November 23, 2014 Organizational Knowledge Theory In 2007, the worldwide volume announced that mergers and acquisitions (MAs) had reached more than $4.74 trillion according to The Wall Street Journal. Despite their persistent acceptance, MAs remain highly debatable (Muehlfeld, Rao Van Witteloostuijn, 2012). The constantRead MoreThe Classical Cannon - The Work Of Marx And Weber1854 Words   |  8 Pagessystem developed and expanded as a way to exploit workers for economic gain, Marx contemplated what role this transition had to play in the progression of human history. As an economic determinist, Marx believed that modes of production are key to changes in human history, such that labor, work, and the economic system have primacy over all other factors. Thus it is no surprise that Marx’s theory of alienation is closely tied to these concepts. On the level of the individual, Marx developed the conceptRead MoreThe Knowledge Of Knowledge Management2720 Words   |  11 PagesKnowledge management is generally tacit to mean the sharing of knowledge inside or outside of an association. There is no agreed definition of Knowledge Management, even among practitioners. The term is used loosely to refer to a broad collection of organizational practices and approaches related to generate, capture, and disseminate know-how and other content relevant to the organization’s business. Knowledge is no just an explicit tangible â€Å"thing†, like information, but information combined with experienceRead MoreDownsizing and Organizational Culture5617 Words   |  23 PagesDownsizing and Organizational Culture By Joe Gonzalez Sociology 100 Dr. Mario Reda Table of Contents Chapter 1........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2........................................................................................................................2 Organizational Culture Defined........................................................................2 Downsizing Defined...Read MoreLeadership in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry2492 Words   |  10 Pagesnetworks within and across continental markets. As a result, traffic flow patterns will change accordingly. Strategic alliance is a second-best solution and will have a reduced role when foreign ownership restrictions are relaxed. The reformed competitive environment in the air transport industry has been very intense. One of the major highlights since the deregulation process was the ‘low cost airline revolution’ or the development of the new market rivals ‘low-cost carriers (LCCs)’. (Pels, 2008)

Unilever free essay sample

Unilever should introduce a new, premium bar soap named Omo Luz for quality and value-conscious consumers, while lowering the price point of Minerva to reduce cannibalization and increase appeal to low to middle income segment in Northeast Brazil. In order to accomplish this mission and remain profitable, target primarily married low income women who value family and reputation; those who would otherwise buy PG brand detergent or a local brand. This new Omo product will be the best performing bar soap on the market, combining the familiarity of bar soap, the lack of residue and power of Omo detergent powder and the fragrant foaming experience that connote cleanliness, family love and pride. Background information Context – The Government stimulus program, Plano Real, has been a driver of the change in Brazil. The effects of improving the purchasing power of the poorest 10% of the population citizens and controlling inflation have primed Brazil for growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Unilever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, macro-issues such as the cycles of economic stress and recovery, illiteracy and societal dependence on the business of agriculture are key market-expanding considerations for Unilever. Customers – 48MM people live in the NE. Women typically do the laundry in this region, and do so with pride and with a much greater frequency than in other parts of the country. The NE population has the lowest GDP per capita of any region in Brazil, despite increased purchasing power due to government aid. The consumers in the NE also tended to use more laundry soap than detergent powder as it is a much cheaper product. Competition – Proctor Gamble (PG) is the only other major player in the detergent market, and hold 15% of the market compared to Unilever’s 81%. Though PG does not offer a laundry soap product, the company is a key competitor because of their sheer size and marketing prowess. In the laundry soap market, Unilever’s Minerva brand competes only with local Brazilian companies and mom and pop stores. In both product categories, Unilever commands a substantial price premium to the competition. Collaborators –The existing network of generalist wholesalers and other secondary distributors who have access to the NE region and play a major role in product delivery. Potentially, contracts with specialized distributors could optimize point-of-purchase activity and relationships within the manufacturing industry. Company – Unilever is a global, $56B company that operates three divisions in Brazil. Detergents are sold from its Home Care business unit, which is the company’s â€Å"cash cow†. Historically, the company has not been successful in marketing to low-income consumers and also does not typically use small retail outlets for distribution of its products. Unilever was the first multinational corporation to enter the Brazilian market, and now has an 81% market share in the detergent powder category. Most of their customers for detergent powder currently come from the richer SE region, as low-income consumers in the NE were less able to afford Unilever’s premium brands. Market Size The detergent powder market in the NE is currently worth $106MM (42,000 tons), and is expected to grow by 17% next year to $124MM (49,000 tons). In this market, Unilever currently has an 81% market share in the detergent powder category with 3 brands of detergent powder – Omo (the market leader), Minerva and Campeiro. However, Unilever’s market share is 75% in the NE.

Veja Case Study Summary Essay Example

Veja Case Study Summary Essay Case Study Assignment Newman was negligent in his actions on the road when he swerved into oncoming traffic. Julie Mycology is simply looking for compensation for her injuries. The fact that Newman is not a full time employee and only works when he sees fit makes him an independent contractor that you pay for his services. Because he is an independent contractor, you could argue that independent contractors have liability, and this could possibly help you defend your company against the lawsuit. Elaine starting her own business and the use of the old, used tock is an issue because you cannot get out of or reconstruct your contract at this time. Due to the fact that you both are merchants and abide to the USC, you are not allowed to change the terms of your agreement. This was Just a bad decision on your part. George not knowing the arrangement between the company and Elaine is not an issue. You two are not at fault for not informing George because he does not hold a position in the corporate office, therefore has no say in what business decisions are made. We will write a custom essay sample on Veja Case Study Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Veja Case Study Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Veja Case Study Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He will possibly try to sue for this arrangement arguing that he is the majority hardheaded because of this, George can sue under Shareholders Derivative Suit, which means, that since he is a shareholder, he has the right to sue if the company Is doing something unethical. In this case, George will lose the case because although this arrangement with Elaine wasnt smart, it wasnt unethical either. If Elaine sells her shares to George, there is a possibility of him voting you out of your position as President. In the Articles of Incorporation, it states that there are preemptive purchasing rights on any stocks being sold by any shareholder.

The Cyprus Problem Essay Example For Students

The Cyprus Problem Essay The Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus is the homeland of two distinct peoples: the Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots. Their relationship is not one of a majority and minority, but one of equal partnership. The Turkish Cypriots speak Turkish, are Muslims and share the culture of their motherland, Turkey. The Greek Cypriots, on the other hand, speak Greek, are Orthodox Christians and profess the culture of their motherland Greece. After more than 300 years of Turkish rule, the island came under British influence in 1878, but sovereignty was formally transferred by Turkey to Britain in 1923. British colonial administration continued until 1960 when as a joint bi-communal state, the DRepublic of Cyprus was founded under international treaties, signed by Great Britain, Greece and Turkey, and by the leaders of both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in their separate capacities. The 1960 arrangements created a political partnership between the two national communities which would enable them to share power and cooperate in a bi-communal state, with the necessary checks and balances and guarantees. Unfortunately, this political partnership and the internationally sanctioned regime lasted only three years. We will write a custom essay on The Cyprus Problem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Greek Cypriots continued unlawfully to campaign against a bi-communal independent state and on 21 December 1963 put into effect their plan for a general onslaught on the Turkish Cypriot community. The aim was to abrogate the constitution of the country through the use of force and bring about ENOSIS (annexation of Cyprus to Greece). Turkish Cypriot members of the joint Parliament and the joint Government were expelled from their offices, the entire state machinery being unilaterally usurped by the Greek Cypriots. The brutality of Greek attacks was such that the Turkish Cypriot people in no less than 103 villages had to escape for their lives into the security of small enclaves scattered all over Cyprus and an extensive refugee problem was created as a result of Greek Cypriot attacks on Turkish Cypriots throughout the island. The Turkish Cypriots became virtual prisoners and hostages in their own land. The United Nations Secretary-General described this situation as a veritable si ege. From 1964 until 1974, Turkish Cypriot people lived under difficult conditions in isolated enclaves, but they lived under their own rule. On 15 July 1974 Greece staged a coup in Cyprus with the aim of achieving ENOSIS. Turkey, one of the three guarantor states, called on Britain as the other guarantor for joint intervention under Article 4 of the Treaty of Guarantee. When Britain refrained, Turkey was compelled to intervene on her own, again in full accordance with the provisions of the said Treaty. Since then, peace and tranquility have prevailed on the island. Division of the Island 1964Turkish Cypriot families, forced to flee from their homes, withdrew into enclaves for mutual protection. This unprovoked Greek Cypriot use of force brought about the division of the island symbolized by the Green line in Nicosia. A joint political authority that could speak on behalf of both communities ceased to exist. But the Greek Cypriots, having overthrown by force the joint State and government, continued unlawfully to usurp the titles of the bi-communal State. United Nations Intervention 1964The U.N. tried to mediate, but Greek Cypriots would not allow Turkish Cypriots back into their legitimate positions in the Republic unless they abandoned fundamental constitutional safeguards. U.N. Peace-Keeping Force sent to the island in 1964 was unable to protect the Turkish Cypriots against Greek Cypriot elements who were supported by some 20,000 mainland Greek forces clandestinely sent to the island. Turkish Cypriots Held Hostage for Eleven Years 1963-1974. For the next eleven years, Turkish Cypriots were held hostage in their own land without representation in a joint government or participation in a joint administration in contravention of the 1960 Treaties. Turkish Cypriot pleas for protection and assistance were basically ignored by the international community and the U.N. during those eleven years. .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .postImageUrl , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:hover , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:visited , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:active { border:0!important; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:active , .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2 .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15b611a2e87bfcd93fce06f5fd68b8d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kindergarten Education EssayPeace-Keeping Force proved largely ineffective in providing security to the Turkish Cypriots. The British House of Commons Select Committee on Foreign Affairs reported in July 1987: There is little doubt that much of the violence which the Turkish Cypriots claim led to the total or partial destruction of 103 Turkish villages and the displacement of about a quarter of the total Turkish Cypriot population, was either directly inspired or certainly connived at by the Greek Cypriot leadership. The Turkish Cypriots never accepted the Greek Cypriot fait accompli of December 1963, and in the exercise of their right to self-defense, started to establish in stages a separate Turkish Cypriot administration in order to protect themselves from constant threats, and to take care of the political, economic and social needs of their own community.

According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, Essays - Medicine

According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, Essays - Medicine According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, there are 119,709 people waiting for a transplant in the United States, out of those, 8,030 people die every year while waiting to receive an organ (United Network for Organ Sharing, 2015). The increasing global demand of organs is currently considered a major problem by many governments and the World Health Organization (WHO). The main concerns behind the increasing demand of organs are the low number of donors and the creation of black market networks. Many governments have moved towards better regulation of organ donations, but these efforts have had little influence on the major global " organ heavens " , where individuals from richer areas are able to buy organs from third world countries (Jafar, 2009). This essay will look into the black market of kidneys while focusing on the exploitation of third world countries and the mechanism to counter these illegal markets. In many countries, the demand of trans plants is way higher than the supply and availability of organs. In the United States, only 1/4 of the people in need receive a transplant. There are two ways in which a person can receive a transplant. The first one, where the organs of an individual are donated after his/her death; the second case relies on the donation of organs by individuals while they are alive, the most common organ donated is the kidney (United Network for Organ Sharing, 2015). Yet, the amount of post-mortem organs donated is way less than the demand, leading to the creation of illegal organ markets supplied by living individuals. The global black market of organs is fueled by the practice of transplant tourism. This term refers to individuals who travel to less privileged countries in order to get a transplant; it also involves any aspect relating to the commercialization, sale and purchase of organs (Shimazono, 2007). According to a survey conducted by the WHO in 98 countries in 2004, 66,000 ki dneys were transplanted in that year, while 10% of those were transplanted to individuals from developed countries who travelled overseas in order to get their transplants (The Lancet, 2007). Although we should consider that those people travelling for a transplant are just aiming to save and expand their lives, the practice of transplant tourism is contributing to the exploitation of thousands of individuals from the poorest countries of the world. In many cases, the information received by governments and organization is just the tip of the iceberg. In many countries, the lack of accountability and transparency contributes to the continuous practice of undocumented organ trafficking (Budiani-Saberi Delmonico, 2008). This poses a problem not only for those trying to seek for a solution, but more importantly for those that are at the risk of being drawn into the market. Inequalities of social and economic conditions is one of most alarming aspects of organ trafficking. This is because, those in poor countries who are part from the lowest classes of the society risk their lives in order to hold onto the economic scraps of the pyramid of organ trafficking. In many countries like Pakistan, Peru, India, Philippines, and China, networks of organ trafficking take advantage of individuals by making them sell their kidneys. In many situations, these individuals risk their lives as they undergo poor surgical operations and receive no recovery treatment. It is quite regular that " donors " pay with their health the consequences of poor surgical methods years after selling their kidneys (Jafar, 2009). In most cases, these multimillion dollar networks pay an insignificant amount between 1,000 - 10,000 USD to the " donors " , while they generate hundreds of thousands of dollars in profit. According to the WHO, the cost of a kidney transplant overseas can range between 60,000 - 100,000 USD (Shimazono, 2007). The discrepancy betw een these numbers show the inequality in profit distribution between those who are in the suffering front (donors) and those who are part of the network. Throughout this practice, there is one clear pattern in the donor-recipient relations of kidneys ' black market. Ric Esther Bienstock, director of " Tales From The Organ Trade " , documentary filmed in the Philippines, talked to CNN in 2014 about

Industry Readiness for Going Global 1 Assignment

Industry Readiness for Going Global 1 - Assignment Example According to the Ft reporters, the United States of America auto mobile industry went from a boom to a low after the 2007/2008 economic crisis (Ft Reporters 2013). This is so since the automobiles sales from the United States of America industry fell to a record less than nine million from a high 16 million in 2005. However, after economic policies were adopted by the government the industry is slowly getting back to its feet (Lorenzo 2011). As one can see in both 2009 and 2012 China is the highest producer of vehicles in the international market. It is then followed by Japan. One notices that in the year 2009 the number of vehicles produced was low (OICA (2013). This can be attributed to the financial crisis of 2007/2008 which affected almost all players in the industry. However one notices that the USA and Germany were affected the most concluding that the crisis affected the industry most in Europe and the USA. However by looking at the statistics in 2012, the industry in the United States is recovering and shows promise of increasing in its sales and production in the futures. From the charts above, it is within reason that the key companies in the industry in the automobile industry are Volkswagen, Toyota, Hyundai and GM. However, there are other companies rising fast. Such companies include Nissan, ford and KIA. Key competitors as derived from the statistics include China, USA, Japan and Germany. Compared to its competitors, the USA automobile has various factors that give the industry an upper hand when competing with other industries in the international market. Government support is heavy in the USA unlike in other countries since the government offers loans to automobile companies. For instance, companies such as ford were lifted out of the economic crisis as a result of incentives from the government. Another advantage the USA has is that most of the citizens are loyal to home brands thus a huge

Compensation and Labor Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compensation and Labor Relations - Assignment Example Notably, effective collective bargaining improves labour relations. The most common approaches to bargaining are the traditional or adversarial approach and integrative or win-win bargaining (Sharp 98). The process of collective bargaining has always been adversarial in nature and this has always caused rifts in the organizational decision making process. In this approach to bargaining, both parties involves, usually the union and the management, present their own agenda and have no idea of each other’s problems. It is a give and take approach to negotiation where one side’s loss is another side’s gain(Carly 198). Another way in which labour relations and collective bargaining can be carried out is through integrative approach. Integrative approach strives for mutual understanding and it concentrates more on the goals and concerns common to both parties. Here, both parties clearly understand the issues and solve the problems jointly and as a result, both of them will gain mutually as there will be equitable solution. Integrative bargaining aims at creating solutions that satisfies the needs of both parties (Carly 198). It demands that each side be aware of the issues affecting the other side. The labour union and the management provide a list explaining their needs and so the discussion is based on the possible ways to meet those needs in manner acceptable and beneficial to both parties. This approach to collective bargaining is very positive and it is commonly used in many modern union-management contracts. Many workers are not satisfied with their jobs and in most cases it is because of low wages. Notably, workers who are dissatisfied with their pay do leave their job for better opportunities. Dissatisfied workers exhibit withdrawal behaviours such as lateness, absenteeism and finally quitting their jobs. Quitting and seeking job in other factories that pay better is the most

Analysis of Paediatric Gastroenteritis Case Study

Analysis of Paediatric Gastroenteritis - Case Study Example   It shall consider the case of Kane, who is a young boy presenting to the emergency department with his parents. Upon admission, the records establish that Kane is a four-year-old male child who has been suffering for 24 hours (prior to consultation) from diarrhea and vomiting. He is also: pale with peripheral warmth; with RR of 30/min (without wheezing on auscultation); HR of 140/min at rest; temperature of 39.4 degrees Celsius; with the dry tongue; tearfulness; lethargy; and with weight at 15.4 kg. He has mild intermittent asthma managed with salbutamol. Parents express that the child has been vomiting sporadically, is not able to keep fluids down, and refuses to drink. He also has had four episodes of watery offensive stool in the last 12 hours PTC. The physician diagnosed the child with possible gastroenteritis, and the plan of care was to try fluids orally if tolerated and if not, to consider IV cannula. The child was admitted to the children’s ward and scheduled for r eassessment after 12 hours. This study shall now consider two clinical guidelines related to pediatric gastroenteritis. ... Australian sources were excluded in the search. Literature which matched the current case was reviewed and the specific journal was chosen based on relevance, reliability, and validity. Immediate Priorities for Kane’s care: To assess and manage the patient’s level of dehydration To reduce or totally end his diarrhoea and vomiting Plan and intervention for patient’s care Assessment and management of patient’s level of dehydration Based on the NSW Clinical Guidelines, the assessment of patient’s level of dehydration is based on three levels: mild, moderate, and severe. The care of the dehydrated patient subsequently follows based on the level of dehydration. Based on the patient’s symptoms, Kane is moderately dehydrated based on his following symptoms: elevated heart rate, elevated breath rate, pallor, dry mucous membrane, and lethargy (NSW Health, 2010, p. 7). These are all symptoms which signal moderate dehydration. The replacement fluid rate shall, therefore, be nasogastric therapy: one Oral Rehydration Solution (Gastrolyte); or it may be intravenous through (rapid or standard speed). The IV shall be 0.9% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose or 0.9% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose or 0.45% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose (NSW Health, 2010, p. 7). The Canadian Clinical Guidelines presented with slightly different details. Firstly, the child is also moderately dehydrated under these guidelines as assessed from the child’s exhibited symptoms, including dry mucous membrane, elevated heart rate, and lethargy (Gysler, 2011, p. 3).  Ã‚  

The Effect Of Globalisation On Health Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effect Of Globalisation On Health Environmental Sciences Essay The increased movement of both goods and people increases opportunities for the spread of disease around the world. There are also concerns about the following: potential public health problems due to market liberalisation, the emergence of new diseases globally and worsening of existing ones due to climate change and governmental oversight over economic policies that can affect spending on healthcare. International cooperation as a result of globalisation has also had a great impact on health practices in many countries including Europe. In this backdrop, as a healthcare management consultant working for an international organisation, you are asked to examine the implications and effects of globalisation on healthcare management. Identify the effects of globalisation on healthcare Globalization can be defined as a network of processes which nations, firms and business and people are getting more interdependent and connected across the global community through the increased and strengthened economic integration, exchange of communication, diffusion of the Western culture and travel as well as migration. We must give ample attention to the processes by which the connectivity and interdependence among nations are happening. Globalization is akin to a new phenomenon where basic human drive comes into action. The history of human kind has evolved through crossing borders, exploring new heights, expanding horizons, trading commodities, conquering territories and assimiliation of culture and social practices. Globalization involves people and their behaviours in a society. Similar to the trade and commerce benefits of globalization, the consequences and effects of globalization to healthcare is being magnified on a larger scale. The effects of globalization on healthcare might include the following: Tourism brings gaps among borders and increases awareness among cultural differences and practices. Global tourism starts to grow and a lot of countries have the liberalization of their airline industries which makes travelling more affordable. According to Sutherst,2004(Sutherst R (2004) Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 136à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢173) there are approximately one million international travellers every day and a significant percentage of these people are travelling between developed and developing countries which can facilitate the spread of communicable diseases. With the increasing number of travellers, the possibility of acquiring infections and diseases is greater than those countries who are not that inclined towards global travelling. Globalization can dramatically improve healthcare through the development of policies rooted on equality and allocation of resources for all members of the society especially those ser vices pertaining to health (UNDP, 1999; Ben-David et al., 1999; Cornia, 2001). Globalization can foster protectionist policies, allocate subsidies and preserve livelihoods and rural life by which the European Union frequently advances. The benefits of these are the quality and health of the people. If there is proper funding of health projects, it can result into a healthier citizenry who can function at their best and contribute to the development of the society. Through the process of globalization, healthcare settings are best influenced by the increased universal access to healthcare, legislation regarding exposure to hazardous wastes and environment. The stronger the economy, the better are the facilities for public health, water sanitation, health services and a lot more. Through the globalization, the application and profound recognition of health as a human right are being brought into the consciousness of people from across the globe. People are now more aware of the interdependence and interrelationship of health with the various types of human rights such as cultural, social, political, economic and civil rights. WORD COUNT: 459 Assess the influence of international institutions in healthcare settings The diversity of services in terms of health care has been immensely affected by globalization itself. Developing countries has the ability to attract customers by providing quality healthcare at a lower cost than the counterparts in their own country. Within a short period of time there are a lot of changes by which health and the people are most concerned off. The development of global standards of excellence and quality will also bring forth the rise of processes in the accreditation and licensing of medical and healthcare medical education. Through globalization, the circulation of services and goods are more efficient than before. Specific multilateral agreements between States often serve as a detrimental factor for countries of the developing world. Despite the economic benefits of globalization, there are several effects on the healthcare practices and settings from one country to the other. One of the best indicators in the level of development of a country is health. The reflection by which the resources and wealth of the country are being allocated to, shared equally by the entire population. International institutions can influence the delivery of health care through globalization. However, health itself cannot be assumed as significant similar to that of the basic needs of human. The movements of healthcare professionals, the exodus of the members of the health team are strongly related to the complex cultural, ethical, and human resources issues in their mother land. Thus it is imperative that health professional must promote health as a global human right. International institutions must be prepared before launching headlong into the challenges of globalization, M. Srinivasan,2006 et al. (Visualizing the Future: Technology Competency Development in Clinical Medicine, and Implications for Medical Education Acad Psychiatry, December  1,  2006; 30(6): 480 490.) The health practices being implored can be influenced by foreign relations and policies of a country. It is best that the challenges of globalization shall be faced with much ease and confidence so that there will be no room for errors which will compromise the health of the people. Developed countries are tapping their international institutions to recruit and acquire trained graduates from poorer countries. With the movement of professionals, healthcare settings are improved through the expertise and carative characteristics of people from the poorer countries. These countries are improving their immigration policies to accommodate the influx of various members of the health care team. Healthcare setting in developed countries are influenced by international institutions who are expecting reciprocity in terms of economic and social implications of globalizations. The increased of workers in the health care industry, can facilitate the health of the citizens. WORD COUNT: 434 Evaluate the impact of European Union membership on workplace health practices. Health will not transform how we think about the foreign policies and the health practices we implore. The establishment of the European Common Markets has brought about a lot of changes not only in free movement of goods and capitals but social and cultural aspects of the country. Through the European Union, services and persons are free to move. The principles of free movement can be applied in the health care industry as well. The members of the health sector have the following changes in terms of the influence of the European Union: Through the membership with EU they can allow the free incorporation and inclusion of health care providers and professionals as well as the cross-border delivery of health care services. Since the year 1970, the European Union (EU) has passed a myriad of regulations regarding health practices. One of the regulations is to reinforce the mutual recognition of nurses, physicians and other members of the healthcare professionals in terms of their qualifications. Through this, the Member States will recognize the professionals who hail from among the members of the European Union which is considered to be an indispensable precondition for the non-restrictive movement of services. Thus , in reference to the establishment of the European job market for the members of the health care team, it has not led to the extensive migration among the member of the European Union (EU). The accession of the Eastern and Central European countries to the European Union( EU)did hot stirred an alarm of brain drain. Brain drain is the major concern among authorities due to the imminent depletion of healthcare professionals to the better off countries located in the Northern and Western Europe. The numerous potential effects of the European Union (EU) on the social protection systems in the applicant countries due to the variations and differences between the type of health care systems among the 25 Member States. A lot of authorities are expecting mass exodus of professionals from the accession countries. Free movement of health care professionals and occupations has not paved the way into the expected transnational migration among the Member states of the European Union. The language barrier is one of the major reasons why the health care sector deal on a personal level and are quite sensitive about it. There are countries in Europe where English is not widely spoken. Thus, it will be very difficult to administer and render health care services. WORD COUNT: 411 WORD COUNT: 1314 Question 2 You are employed by Sahara Oil Company based in Qatar as their Occupational Health expert. The company produces and refines oil; it also explores gas deposits. There has not been a recent review of the environmental effects of the companys operations. You have responsibilities for the environmental health issues of Sahara Oils operations in Qatar. As well, one important responsibility you have been given is to be conversant with the impact of environmental legislation, directives and guidance and the processes that organisations need to adopt in order to provide health protection to the employees of the company, their families and the members of the local community who are affected by Sahara Oils operations in Qatar. Identify the economics of adopting a policy of environmental awareness in heath care settings. All of the above lead to improved QOL and increased life expectancy. However, all this come with a cost to human health and the environment. Effects on health: Such activities and their impact on the environment have serious effects on health of communities,, esp. Chdns health. However, there is uncertainty of the effects of such activities or technologies on health as there is no scientific evidence that directly links such activities to disease causation. E.g., there is still ongoing debate about the scientific evvidence linking greenhouse gases to global warming. Governments inaction is because they fear that taking action would affect trade. E.g. taking action to prevent bon-fossil fuels :-charcoal and oil burning- in order to reduce CO2 emission into the atmosphere by developing nations i.e., China and India would collapse their industries and economy. However, the economic cost of technological development on the environment and human health is higly significant. The Precautionary Principle states that in the case of serious or irreversible threats to the health of humans or the ecosystem, acknowledged scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone preventive measures. The concept of a universal precautionary principle apparently has its origins in early German and Swedish thinking about environmental policy, particularly the need for policymakers to practice foresight in order to prevent long-range environmental problems. The concept was included in the Amsterdam Treatyan important step toward establishment of the European Unionbut the concept was left undefined and was applied only to environmental policy. In the past 20 years, there have been numerous references to precaution in various international treaties, statements of advocacy groups, and academic writings, but the significance of the principle in international law remains uncertain. The EIB considers the need for applying the precautionary principle when there is a risk that a project may cause significant and irreversible damage to the environment. In such cases, measures should be taken by the promoter to avoid in the first place and if a feasible alternative is not available to reduce that risk to an acceptable degree. Assess the actions that need to be taken by organisations to maintain the environment. Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs from many different sources including from oil refineries. Oil refinery effluents contain many different chemicals at different concentrations including ammonia, sulphides, phenol and hydrocarbons. The exact composition cannot however be generalised as it depends on the refinery and which units are in operation at any specific time. It is therefore difficult to predict what effects the effluent may have on the environment. Toxicity tests have shown that most refinery effluents are toxic but to varying extents. Some species are more sensitive and the toxicity may vary throughout the life cycle. Sublethal tests have found that not only can the effluents be lethal but also they can often have sublethal effects on growth and reproduction. Field studies have shown that oil refinery effluents often have an impact on the fauna, which is usually restricted to the area close to the outfall. The extent of the effect is dependent on the effluent compo sition, the outfalls position and the state of the recipient environment. It is possible to detect two effects that oil refinery effluent has on the environment. Firstly it has a toxic effect close to the outfall, which is seen by the absence of all or most species. Secondly there is an enrichment effect which can be distinguished as a peak in the abundance or biomass. These effects are not limited to just oil refinery effluents, which make it difficult to distinguish the effects an oil refinery effluent has from other pollution sources. The discharge from oil refineries has reduced in quantity and toxicity over recent decades, allowing many impacted environments in estuaries and coasts to make a substantial recovery. Specify the measures that exist to improve workplace health and safety practices When oil refineries do not practice workplace safety, it can result in numerous problems. These problems can force a refinery to trim production or shut down completely. For example, dozens of oil refineries were shut down in 2007 due to fires, leaks, spills and power failures. Crude Oil Pre-treatment (Desalting) Fire Prevention and Protection: The potential exists for a fire due to a leak or release of crude oil from heaters in the crude desalting unit. Low boiling point components of crude may also be released if a leak occurs. Safety: Inadequate desalting can cause fouling of heater tubes and heat exchangers throughout the refinery. Fouling restricts product flow and heat transfer and leads to failures due to increased pressures and temperatures. Corrosion, which occurs due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, naphthenic (organic) acids, and other contaminants in the crude oil, also causes equipment failure. Neutralized salts (ammonium chlorides and sulfides), when moistened by condensed water, can cause corrosion. Overpressuring the unit is another potential hazard that causes failures. Health: Because this is a closed process, there is little potential for exposure to crude oil unless a leak or release occurs. Where elevated operating temperatures are used when desalting sour crudes, hydrogen sulfide will be present. There is the possibility of exposure to ammonia, dry chemical demulsifiers, caustics, and/or acids during this operation. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Depending on the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals used, the wastewater will contain varying amounts of chlorides, sulfides, bicarbonates, ammonia, hydrocarbons, phenol, and suspended solids. If diatomaceous earth is used in filtration, exposures should be minimized or controlled. Diatomaceous earth can contain silica in very fine particle size, making this a potential respiratory hazard. Crude Oil Distillation (Fractionation) Fire Prevention and Protection: Even though these are closed processes, heaters and exchangers in the atmospheric and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of ignition, and the potential for a fire exists should a leak or release occur. Safety: An excursion in pressure, temperature, or liquid levels may occur if automatic control devices fail. Control of temperature, pressure, and reflux within operating parameters is needed to prevent thermal cracking within the distillation towers. Relief systems should be provided for overpressure and operations monitored to prevent crude from entering the reformer charge. The sections of the process susceptible to corrosion include (but may not be limited to) preheat exchanger (hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)), preheat furnace and bottoms exchanger (H2S and sulfur compounds), atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace (H2S, sulfur compounds, and organic acids), vacuum tower (H2S and organic acids), and overhead (H2S, HCl, and water). Where sour crudes are processed, severe corrosion can occur in furnace tubing and in both atmospheric and vacuum towers where metal temperatures exceed 450 ° F. Wet H2S also will cause cracks in steel. When processing high-nitrogen crudes, nitrogen oxides can form in the flue gases of furnaces. Nitrogen oxides are corrosive to steel when cooled to low temperatures in the presence of water. Chemicals are used to control corrosion by hydrochloric acid produced in distillation units. Ammonia may be injected into the overhead stream prior to initial condensation and/or an alkaline solution may be carefully injected into the hot crude oil feed. If sufficient wash-water is not injected, deposits of ammonium chloride can form and cause serious corrosion. Crude feedstock may contain appreciable amounts of water in suspension which can separate during startup and, along with water remaining in the tower from steam purging, settle in the bottom of the tower. This water can be heated to the boiling point and create an instantaneous vaporization explosion upon contact with the oil in the unit. Health: Atmospheric and vacuum distillation are closed processes and exposures are expected to be minimal. When sour (high-sulfur) crudes are processed, there is potential for exposure to hydrogen sulfide in the preheat exchanger and furnace, tower flash zone and overhead system, vacuum furnace and tower, and bottoms exchanger. Hydrogen chloride may be present in the preheat exchanger, tower top zones, and overheads. Wastewater may contain water-soluble sulfides in high concentrations and other water-soluble compounds such as ammonia, chlorides, phenol, mercaptans, etc., depending upon the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat and noise, and during sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Solvent Extraction and Dewaxing Fire Prevention and Protection: Solvent treatment is essentially a closed process and, although operating pressures are relatively low, the potential exists for fire from a leak or spill contacting a source of ignition such as the drier or extraction heater. In solvent dewaxing, disruption of the vacuum will create a potential fire hazard by allowing air to enter the unit. Health: Because solvent extraction is a closed process, exposures are expected to be minimal under normal operating conditions. However, there is a potential for exposure to extraction solvents such as phenol, furfural, glycols, methyl ethyl ketone, amines, and other process chemicals. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as noise and heat, and during repair, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Thermal Cracking Fire Protection and Prevention: Because thermal cracking is a closed process, the primary potential for fire is from leaks or releases of liquids, gases, or vapors reaching an ignition source such as a heater. The potential for fire is present in coking operations due to vapor or product leaks. Should coking temperatures get out of control, an exothermic reaction could occur within the coker. Safety: In thermal cracking when sour crudes are processed, corrosion can occur where metal temperatures are between 450 ° and 900 ° F. Above 900 ° F coke forms a protective layer on the metal. The furnace, soaking drums, lower part of the tower, and high-temperature exchangers are usually subject to corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide corrosion in coking can also occur when temperatures are not properly controlled above 900 ° F. Continuous thermal changes can lead to bulging and cracking of coke drum shells. In coking, temperature control must often be held within a 10 °-20 ° F range, as high temperatures will produce coke that is too hard to cut out of the drum. Conversely, temperatures that are too low will result in a high asphaltic-content slurry. Water or steam injection may be used to prevent buildup of coke in delayed coker furnace tubes. Water must be completely drained from the coker, so as not to cause an explosion upon recharging with hot coke. Provisions for alternate means of egress from the working platform on top of coke drums are important in the event of an emergency. Health: The potential exists for exposure to hazardous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, and trace polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) associated with coking operations. When coke is moved as a slurry, oxygen depletion may occur within confined spaces such as storage silos, since wet carbon will adsorb oxygen. Wastewater may be highly alkaline and contain oil, sulfides, ammonia, and/or phenol. The potential exists in the coking process for exposure to burns when handling hot coke or in the event of a steam-line leak, or from steam, hot water, hot coke, or hot slurry that may be expelled when opening cokers. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat and noise, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. (Note: coke produced from petroleum is a different product from that generated in the steel-industry coking process.) Fire Prevention and Protection: The potential exists for a fire due to a leak or release of crude oil from heaters in the crude desalting unit. Low boiling point components of crude may also be released if a leak occurs. Safety: Inadequate desalting can cause fouling of heater tubes and heat exchangers throughout the refinery. Fouling restricts product flow and heat transfer and leads to failures due to increased pressures and temperatures. Corrosion, which occurs due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, naphthenic (organic) acids, and other contaminants in the crude oil, also causes equipment failure. Neutralized salts (ammonium chlorides and sulfides), when moistened by condensed water, can cause corrosion. Overpressuring the unit is another potential hazard that causes failures. Health: Because this is a closed process, there is little potential for exposure to crude oil unless a leak or release occurs. Where elevated operating temperatures are used when desalting sour crudes, hydrogen sulfide will be present. There is the possibility of exposure to ammonia, dry chemical demulsifiers, caustics, and/or acids during this operation. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Depending on the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals used, the wastewater will contain varying amounts of chlorides, sulfides, bicarbonates, ammonia, hydrocarbons, phenol, and suspended solids. If diatomaceous earth is used in filtration, exposures should be minimized or controlled. Diatomaceous earth can contain silica in very fine particle size, making this a potential respiratory hazard. ( Word count :1300 ) Question 3 You have been appointed consultant to a pharmaceutical company in Mumbai that sources clinical trial contracts from abroad, especially the United States of America and western Europe. Because of its international operations, the work force of the company is also varied with employees from various countries around the world. You are asked to explore the issues that affect the companys operations in the current economic environment when implementing healthcare management practices. Analyse the responsibilities of organisations in improving work place health and safety. The following are recommended practical activities that executives can do at each stage of their personal journey to understanding the value of diversity. 1. Discovery. Executives must become aware of the need to view racial and ethnic diversity as a significant strategic issue. They should thoroughly read this timely study and review many of the excellent references outlined at the end of the study. 2. Assessment. Executives must determine where their organizations are on the road to capitalizing on racial and ethnic diversity. The Tables in the article present a series of best practices against which an organization can benchmark its responsiveness to diversity practices. Another useful exercise during the assessment stage would be to determine what data their organizations have access to regarding the diversity of the population of the community they serve, their organizations patient demographics, and their organizations workforce. A scarcer and more diverse workforce. As a result, healthcare organizations (HCOs) must develop policies and practices aimed at recruiting, retaining, and managing a diverse workforce and must meet the demands of a more diverse patient population by providing culturally appropriate care and improving access to care for racial/ethnic minorities. Ultimately, the goal of managing diversity is to enhance workforce and customer satisfaction, to improve communication among members of the workforce, and to further improve organizational performance. Research on diversity management practices in HCOs is scarce, providing few guidelines for practitioners. This study attempted to close that gap. Results show that hospitals in Pennsylvania have been relatively inactive with employing diversity management practices, and equal employment requirements are the main driver of diversity management policy. The number and scope of diversity management practices used were not influenced by organizational or market characteristics. The results suggest that hospitals need to adopt diversity management practices for their workforces and need to pay particular attention to marketing and service planning activities that meet the needs of a diverse patient population. Diversity has become a crucial subject in the field of management as organizations pay increased attention to major demographic shifts in the U.S. population. As of 1999, 28 percent of the U.S. population was a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, and it is projected that by 2030, 40 percent of the U.S. population will be members of a racial or ethnic minority group (U.S. Census Bureau 1999). These changes are resulting in an increasingly diverse labor pool and customer base. Policymakers are also being more attentive to racial/ethnic disparities in access to care and health status. While such disparities are well documented, relatively less is known about the underlying causes for the disparities. Researchers have examined financial barriers, racism and discrimination, and patient preferences as potential sources of these disparities (Williams and Rucker 2000). To respond to the demographic shifts of the workforce and patient population and address racial/ethnic disparities in access and outcomes of care, healthcare organizations (HCOs) will need to become culturally competent organizations. Cultural competency has been defined as an ongoing commitment or institutionalization of appropriate practice and policies for diverse populations (Brach and Fraser 2000). While cultural competence is the goal, diversity management is the process leading to culturally competent organizations. Diversity management is .a strategically driven process whose emphasis is on building skills and creating policies that will address the changing demographics of the workforce and patient populations (Svehla 1994). Diversity management and leadership practices are known to enhance workforce and customer satisfaction, to improve communication among members of the workforce, and to further improve organizational performance (Cox 1994; Dreachslin 1996). However, only some organizations choose to respond to workforce and customer demographics by initiating diversity management practices and becoming diversity leaders (Dreachslin 1999). Others resist, making only those changes necessary to comply with affirmative action guidelines. A recent survey on career attainment among healthcare executives across different races/ethnicities confirms that much improvement is still needed in the cultural and diversity climates of HCOs (De Anda et al. 1998). Research examining diversity management practices in HCOs is scarce. To date, only three prior studies have examined diversity management practices in HCOs-one using case study methodology (Muller and Haase 1994) and two others using survey methodology (Motwani, Hodge, and Crampton 1995; Wallace, Ermer, and Motshabi 1996). These studies have focused on human resources issues in diversity management. Each of the three studies found that relatively few hospitals had implemented diversity management programs even when hospitals considered diversity management an important organizational issue. Furthermore, Muller and Haase (1994) found that all hospitals in their study fitted the pluralistic profile in which they were not actively managing diversity but employing diversity management policies and programs that were primarily compliance-oriented strategies. Compare organisational approaches to ensuring positive policies of work place diversity. Cultural diversity in the workplace is not only the right thing to do, it is the expeditious thing to do. It ensures responsiveness and responsiveness is synonymous with survival. Diversity in the workplace is important because of its contribution to organization decisionmaking, effectiveness, and responsiveness. Those from diverse populations have experiences, insights, approaches, and values from which can come many different perspectives on and alternative approaches to problems, and knowledge about consequences of each alternative. From a leadership position (for example, an executive, managerial, and/or supervisory position), suggestions and recommendations of such alternatives and

Coca Cola Economic Position Paper

Running Head: ECONOMIC POSITION Coca Cola Economic Position Paper ECO 365 Coca Cola is the world’s leading manufacturer and distributor in the beverage industry. The economic position of Coca-Cola is determined through careful analysis of the organizations history, market conditions, market trends, and finally the recommendations needed for the future of the organization in their economic position. Overview of the company will consist of the history, industry market, the role of government regulations, and issues or opportunities. History of Organization A pharmacist John Pemberton founded Coca Cola in 1886. Pemberton took the caramel colored concoction to Jacob’s pharmacy and added carbonated water. The initial take on this strange water was so good that Jacob’s pharmacy sold approximately nine glasses a day at 5 cents apiece. After Pemberton’s death in 1888, the colored water went on a century later to sell more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. During World War II, the company established manufacturing for overseas operations and by the end of the war had become an international company. Coca Cola has developed into the largest beverage organization since 1886, an unimaginable dream come true for the founder. Coca Cola operates â€Å"in more than 200 countries and market a portfolio of more than 3,000 beverage products including sparkling drinks and still beverages such as waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees, sports drinks, and energy drinks† (The Coca Cola System, 2010). The core philosophy for the bottling of each product is on building local relationships with customers and communities and is the foundation for growth (History of Bottling, 2010). The mission of Coca Cola is â€Å"To refresh the world, to inspire moments of optimism and happiness, and to create value and make a difference† (Coca Cola, 2010) Market of the Coca Cola Corporation The Coca Cola Corporation operates in vast marketplace, that is to say the company operates on a global platform, expanding 200 plus countries. The Coca Cola Corporation focuses on the non-alcoholic beverage market in the â€Å"drink† industry. Incorporating over 400 brands and over 3,000 other beverage options, the Coca Cola Company is the largest beverage company in the industry. (Coca Cola Corporation, 2008) . The brand, Coca Cola, recognized as the world’s most valuable trademark is bringing in positive cash flows of over 8 billion dollars annually. (Coca Cola Corporation, 2009) . Role of Government Regulations Coca Cola bottlers are presently making non-refillable recyclable plastic bottles in the United States as well as markets around the world. Many bottlers offer refillable containers, which are also recyclable. Coca Cola states, â€Å"Legal requirements have been enacted in jurisdictions in the United States and overseas requiring that deposits or certain eco-taxes or fees be charged for the sale, marketing, and use of certain non-refillable beverage containers. † All of Coca Cola’s services in the United States and in other parts of the world are subject to a variety of environmental regulations and laws. In following the laws and regulations within the United States and around the world, Coca Cola has not nor anticipates any adverse affect on the company’s competitive position, capital, or net income. Issues or Opportunities The health issue challenge can disrupt the growth of the soft drink industry. However, opportunities exist for CCE to continue to stay ahead in the beverage industry. For example, penetrating multiple markets around the globe is a strategic move that will allow acquisition opportunities and enhance the market and financial gains of the company. In addition to acquisition efforts, tapping into the existing bottled-water market frenzy is another opportunity Coca Cola has to regain market growth. The beverage segment of bottled water is rapidly on an incline in the United States as more people are becoming aware of the need for a healthy lifestyle. By tapping into the bottled water segment, Coca Cola will strategically position itself for growth. Taste is the ultimate power behind selling a beverage; by offering flavored water to the consumer-markets, new and re-brand, loyalty is increasing. Re-brand loyalty is important because consumer segments that lost interest in soft drinks are looking to live better by a smarter selection of food and beverage. Market Structure _Current _Market Trends The Coca Cola Company (TCCC) operating in an oligopoly is a trend in the carbonated beverage industry not expected to change. This statement, made on the fact that the Coca Cola Company operates not only in the carbonated beverage market, but is a diversified corporation operating in the non-alcoholic drink market. The diversification of TCCC was necessary to continue its competitiveness with market trends in the industry. In recent years, the trends have shown the carbonated drink industry declining in lieu of the health conscious position. Simply stated, the company competes in a variety markets including teas, coffees, energy drinks, and many others facets of the industry. As a result, TCCC competes with only a few corporations in the drink market such as, Nestle and PepsiCo. (The Coca Cola Company, 2009) . TCCC, along with the competitors, operate in collusion with one another in an effort to maintain consistency and sustainability in the non-alcoholic drink market. An important point to note, oligopolistic organizations operate interdependently and are viewed as collusive (cooperating) or noncollusive (not cooperating). Oligopoly market structures have other defining characteristics that differentiate from the monopolistic competition market structure. Figure one provides some of the characteristics that define an oligopoly market structure. Figure one {draw:frame} Impact of New Companies Entering the Market _Current _Market Trends Currently, the carbonated beverage industry has three major corporations that have a strong presence in the market. The Coca Cola Company, PepsiCo, and Dr. Pepper Snapple Group maintain the majority structure of the market share in the industry. The statistics measured in 2008 have the Coca-Coca Company dominating at approximately 40% with PepsiCo and the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group placed at 20. 1% and 8. 5% respectively. The other players to the marketplace compose the remaining 31% (Datamonitor, 2009) . New companies have surfaced in the drink industry and have stirred the competition, at least enough for companies like TCCC and PepsiCo to be observant of their presence. Simply stated, TCCC monitors the newcomer and surveys the public reaction to the product. Figure two {draw:frame} New companies entering the carbonated beverage market would have significant entry costs (advertising and marketing) to compete with the majors previously identified. â€Å"The nature of the market demands an intensive marketing campaign in order to generate and maintain a successful brand image. With Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo so firmly established in this area, even aside from the costs, this acts as a daunting deterrent to potential entrants † (Datamonitor, 2009, p. 18) . Prices Current _Market Trends CCE's trailing-12-month return on capital (ROC) is 11%, compared to a stout 15. 9% for Coca Cola. (Pienciak, 2010) the company is already in a price war and needs to make a change to improve its competitive advantage in the market. For this reason, Coca Cola recently announced that it would obtain the world’s largest bottler of Coca Cola-owned beverages n ames. The merger should improve operations and assist in adjusting to customer preferences. Pienciak (2010) states, â€Å"Essentially, owning the North American bottling business boils down to flexibility—both in product innovation and pricing. Technology _Current _Market Trends Recent movements in technology for Coca Cola improvements and modifications have come from the market trend of cleaning up the atmosphere. Coca Cola is committed to putting as little pollution into the atmosphere as possible and has given a press release that states, â€Å"100 % of their new vending machines and coolers will be hydrofluorocarbon-free (HFC-free) by 2015. Coca Cola is committing to use its scale to aggregate demand and encourage supply as a means of accelerating the transition to HFC-free refrigeration equipment† (News Release, 2010). Productivity _Current _Market Trends Coca Cola offers one of the largest widely distributed products for beverages, in a market, which reaches across the globe. Coca Cola's products are so popular that three million people consume them annually. Its product line has 3,000 varieties (Coca Cola, 2010). Production systems include soda, water, juice, tea, and sport drinks. Productivity includes the system with fixed and variable inputs, including the manufacturing, the branding, the bottling operation, marketing activities, and, of course, one of the most important is the packaging. These market trends change with time as the changing needs, and desires of the consumers change The market trend productivity is on the rise for Coca Cola. In June of 2009, Coca Cola announced a new structure for productivity, the three new structures â€Å"Global Business Services, Global Information Technology, and Transformational Productivity† (Press Center, 2009). Because Coca Cola has created a new structure for productivity, they promoted five new executives, making room for more promotions and new hires. Cost Structure _Wages and Benefits_ _current market trends. _ Fixed and _Variable Costs current market trends. Fixed costs are those such as factories, which do not change regardless of the level of production. Variable costs include such things as cans, bottles, and hourly wages, these things directly relate to the level of production. Because of its vast economies of scale, Coca Cola has very low variable costs. Coca-Cola uses sugar, bottles, cans, and soft drink syr up as inputs. Because it is a very large buyer, it can use its influence to obtain these goods at reduced rates. Coca-Cola creates its own syrup, the recipe for which is a trade secret. TCCC sells Coca Cola Enterprises the syrup, which they use to create beverages, and then distribute. Therefore, in spite of Coca Cola’s relatively good salaries and benefits, its variable costs are a minor consideration. However, its fixed costs are considerable. Each factory costs millions of dollars to build and maintain, as well as the bottling equipment, recycling equipment and vehicles. Price Elasticity of Demand Current Market Trends â€Å"Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price (Colander, 2008, p. 128) . Concerning the Coca Cola Company, price elasticity of demand is, at best, subjective to many areas of business. Geographic location, type of product/brand, and competition are facets considered subjective when speaking to price elasticity of demand. Market trends in price elasticity of demand relative to the â€Å"standard carbonated offering† (cola, sparkling) are concentric. Simply stat ed, the prices are inelastic to reasonable price changes; however, pressure from health groups may influence the future state of price elasticity of demand in the carbonated beverage industry. In recent estimations, â€Å"the price elasticity for all soft drinks is in the range of –. 8 to –1. 0. (Elasticity of –. 8 suggests that for every 10% increase in price, there would be a decrease in consumption of 8%, whereas elasticity of –1. 0 suggests that for every 10% increase in price, there would be a decrease in consumption of 10% )†(Brownell et al, 2009, p. 1602) . Competitors Current Market Trends Coca Cola is a very diverse organization with over 400 brands dividing into approximately 3,000 products. Competition includes companies such as PepsiCo. nd Aquafina; the variety of competitors stretches through the supply and demand chains to include organizations like Starbucks or any store that carries products other than Coca Cola brands Pepsi Co. is the leading competitor for Coca Cola because of the ties with the carbonated beverages for which both companies produce. PepsiCo and Coca Cola have fought a â€Å"Cola War† (Strauss, 2010 ) for decades with their marketing techniques and following the flow of market trends. Supply and Demand Analysis Current Market Trends In a new report from Beverage Digest, a remarkable downturn in the soft drink market is accelerating. Total US sales fell 2. 3% in 2007, which was worse than the 0. 6% drop in 2006, which was, in turn, worse than the 0. 2% decline in 2005. The carbonated soft drink industry has moved from roughly 3% growth in the 1990's to increasing rates of decline in the last three years. Then again, the US is doing its best to keep Coke afloat. Even with the recent declines, the U. S. still has the highest consumption of carbonated soft drink per capita in the world (Kedrosky, 2008). Coca Cola’s expansion into other markets has absorbed the decline in demand for carbonated soda, as the demand increases for their other products in the US. Globally Coca Cola’s demand is still increasing with expansion into newer territories. Impact of Government Regulations Current Market Trends Final Recommendations The analysis thus far of the economic position for Coca Cola is only lacking in recommendations for the future, price, production, and composition of inputs, global competition, and the possibilities of expansion. Government policy, social diversity, and business ethics will be necessary as part of the recommendations for the future status of Coca Cola’s economic position. Price As the world’s largest provider of non-alcoholic beverages CCE has positioned itself in the market as the standard for others to follow. Competitors are constantly knocking at the door and for this reason CCE needs to continue to be innovative with pricing strategies throughout the world market. The trend today is prices on non-alcoholic beverages are increasing, fuel, and electrical cost are higher causing companies to raise prices. CCE can maintain its position as the world leader by reducing costs and pass the savings on to customers. Production The North American and Western Europe markets have been difficult for CCE recently. Both markets have shown a decline due to consumers turning towards healthier non-carbonated beverages. Prices for raw materials that CCE needs to produce its products have become more expensive. To combat these obstacles CCE needs to provide innovative ideas and methods to reduce production cost. CCE could benefit from cutting down on employees and utilizing assets more efficiently. CCE might benefit from new products that are non-carbonated. New products would appeal to the healthier consumers. Composition of Inputs Many different inputs are needed to produce the 3,000 different varieties of Coca Cola products. Figure 3 below shows how some of these inputs work together to produce the final product. Figure 3 {draw:frame} Some of the other inputs are the quality of work performed by employees, and vendors who supply the bottling process. All of these inputs work together to create the most recognizable brand in the world. (Figure 3 provided by Fuzzy Logic Control) Global Competition Global competition is much like national competition and one of the biggest competitors is the neighborly PepsiCo. For Coca Cola, it is vital to watch the competition in its back yard. PepsiCo being from the same country is the biggest competitor. Import and export scenarios are much the same for both companies making production costs in competition, which in turn makes the price of each beverage competitive. The three primary issues TCCC can focus on to keep up with the competition globally are: (1) expansion in countries that are growing rapidly, (2) expansion on lower sugar beverages, and (3) expansion into noncarbonated beverages (Sivy, 2007). All three expansions will help maintain a competitive edge as well as diversify the company making Coca Cola stock more sustainable. The recommendation for Coca Cola is expansion. Analysis of Government Policy, Social Diversity, and Business Ethics on Expansion Government policies result in TCCC being proactive in meeting or exceeding rules and regulations, on a national and global plane. Expansion of operations demand TCCC follow local, state, federal and foreign government policies to ensure cohesion exists between the units to satisfy the objectives of each. The new market trends in the beverage industry indicate a shift to the health-conscious position, thus increasing the need for TCCC to expand into new markets. National and State government policies designed to rid the public school systems of high-calorie beverages create new challenges for carbonated beverage providers, thrusting TCCC to diversify its offerings to support a healthy lifestyle for children. Foreign governments have accused carbonated beverage makers of allowing harmful levels of pesticides in their carbonated offerings, thus increasing the need for higher standards of quality in to be placed into the product. Both challenges have a direct impact on expansion, but also provide for innovation in the carbonated beverage industry. Social diversity is an aspect of expansion directly affecting TCCC in a positive direction. Expansion of operations suggests global implications; meaning more opportunities for a diverse workforce. TCCC operating in a global arena demands the company use diverse workforces to improve its position in the marketplace. The company can both educate while also learning from individuals cultural backgrounds to propel TCCC to greater achievements in the beverage industry. Business ethics are an important feature of expansion. TCCC is committed to performing all business dealings with the highest morals and standards in the industry and is reflective of their Code of Business Conduct in daily operations. Business ethics encompasses a large and often complex set of guidelines to abide by. Expansion often suggests the mitigation of competition through mergers or corporate takeovers. TCCC has the responsibility, in such cases, to act with integrity to its adversary. Conclusion The market trends of the economy will cause changes for Coca Cola; however, the organization is very stable and will often lead the industry into new market trends. All variables will touch Coca Cola at some time but several that affect the organization on a regular basis are new companies, prices, new technology, variable costs, competitors, supply and demand, and globalization. Coca Cola has led the industry in innovation. Through expansion into new markets around the world, Coca Cola will continue to lead the industry. References Brownell, K. , Farley, T. , Willet, W. , Popkin, B. , Chaloupka, F. , Thompson, J. , & Ludwig, D. (2009, October 15). The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(16), 1599 – 1605. Retrieved from http://content. nejm. org/cgi/content/full/NEJMhpr0905723 Coca Cola. (2009) Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www. theCocaColacompany. com Coca Cola buys stake in Honest Teas. (2008, February 06). Oligopoly Watch. Retrieved from http://www. oligopolywatch. com/2008/02/06. html Coca Cola Finance KO, 2010. Daily Finance. Retrieved March 31, 2010, from http://www. dailyfinance. com/company/the-Coca Cola-company/ko/nys/top-competitors Pienciak, Mike. (2010). Coca Cola Plays Copycat. Retrieved April 4, 2010 from http://www. fool. om/investing/dividends-income/2010/03/03/Coca Cola-plays-copycat. aspx The Coca Cola Company. (2009, July 16). Datamonitor, 1 – 26. Retrieved from www. datamonitor. com Strauss, S. , 2010. How to Research Your Competition. Retrieved March 23, 2010, from http://www. microsoft. com/smallbusiness/resources/expert/strauss120105. mspx Coca-Cola. (2009). The Coca-Cola Company. Re trieved March 28, 2010 from http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/index. html Kedrosky, Paul. (2008 March 12). â€Å"U. S. Tries to Keep Coke Afloat†. Seeking Alpha Online. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://seekingalpha. om/article/68286-u-s-tries-to-keep-coke-afloat? source=yahoo Coca Cola Corporation. (2008). _The Coca Cola Company Fact Sheet (Fact Sheet). Retrieved from Coca Cola Corporation: http://www. theCoca Colacompany. com/ourcompany/pdf/CompanyFact_Sheet. pdf Coca Cola Corporation. (2009, February 9). _The Coca Cola Company Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results (Annual Report). Retrieved from Coca Cola Company: http://www. theCoca Colacompany. com/presscenter/nr20100209_corporate_fourth_qtr_earnings. html Coca Cola Enterprises. (nd) http://www. theCoca Colacompany. com/ citizenship/pdf/10k_12_19. df Datamonitor. (2009). Global Carbonated Soft Drinks. Retrieved from Datamonitor: www. datamonitor. com http://www. allbusiness. com/consumer-products/food-bev erage-products-nonalcoholics/7867864-1. html http://www. globalhealingcenter. com/soft-drinks-america. html http://www. scribd. com/doc/9995196/Swot-Analysis-of-Coca Cola Sivy, M. , 2007. In cola wars, Coke now has the edge. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from http://money. cnn. com/2007/04/12/magazines/moneymag/colawars. moneymag/index. htm? section=money_commentary_sivy Unk (2007). The most recognized brands.

New York’s Money Drain

ALBANY, NY – Rising energy and health care prices have been slowly creeping their way up the city of Albany’s annual budget, backing a nationwide trend towards higher state expenditures on these basic costs. Mayor Gerald D. Jennings, in his State of the City Address to the Albany common council mentioned the costs currently appropriated in Albany’s budget.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Expenses such as State pension payments and health insurance expenses for employees, utility expenses and the like continue to be a challenge,† he said. Residents of Albany won’t have to fear a deficit or higher city taxes just yet, since according to Jennings, Section 19-a payments, which come from the state of New York, currently offset these increases in city expenditures. â€Å"We’ve succeeded in this regard largely because of the successful efforts to obtain and increase the State payment in lieu of taxes on the Empire State Plaza – our Section 19-a payments,† the mayor said. â€Å"During 2006 and again for 2007 through 2010 our 19-a payments will total $22,850,000.† For the state of New York, however, the problem is mirrored, albeit in a much larger scale. The State and the Cost of Health Currently, the state capital Albany allocates fifteen percent of its annual budget of around $175 million on health insurance expenditures for its employees, or around $27 million annually.   Employees of the local government are in pretty good shape however, compared to their private sector counterparts, where employers are facing a rough choice on how to face the escalating cost of health care. Yet New York is again facing a cut in health care spending, ushered in by then-incumbent Gov. Eliot Spitzer, who had previously proposed a $1.3 billion, cut in the expense last year. Gov. Spitzer resigned last March after an unrelated prostitution scandal, which left the talks with the health care lobby hanging.   Before Spitzer left, discussions about the cut in health care services this year were already ongoing. In a New York Times interview, Dennis P. Whalen, Spitzer’s deputy secretary for health, commented on the change of mood.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I think you can see already that the level of discussion and reaction is different this year than it was last year,† said Whalen.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We’ve been engaged in productive discussions with hospitals about these changes that we’re pursuing.† While health care budgets are being cut, health insurance has been growing at a steadily alarming rate in recent years.   In 2007, nationwide averages for health insurance premiums increased by 6.1 percent—two times the rate of inflation. For employees’ insurance, the state isn’t so much squeezed as much as small businesses are.   Private employers are taking the brunt of the action, especially with state mandated benefits which in New York cover more than 30 different instances.   According to the Employer Alliance for Affordable Health Care, New Yorkers pay 26 percent more than the national average for health care. The Alliance is also pointing fingers at the proposed 2008-09 budget plan for the state, which includes a $140 million increase in the Covered Lives Assessment—a surcharge paid on every insurance policy and premium tax on some health insurers, which the Alliance claims will ultimately be borne by consumer. â€Å"With small and medium businesses in New York struggling to provide health insurance coverage and state leaders who have called for expanding health insurance coverage to all New Yorkers, it doesn’t make sense to propose taxes that will make it even harder for business to offer coverage at all,† said Alliance chair Jeff Leland. It all makes for a sticky situation, but another potential headache for legislators is simmering within New York’s extensive power supply grid Rising Energy Last winter, Gov. Spitzer announced additional emergency home heating assistance to New York’s most vulnerable residents.   That winter, qualified applicants through the Home Energy Assistance Program (HEAP), a federally funded program, issued benefits to more than 719,000 families, totaling more than $178 million. The government subsidizing energy costs is inevitable however, with the way energy prices are going.   Residents of New York have long paid some of the highest electricity prices in the United States.   According to a conservative think tank, New York should reconsider some of its most ambitious energy policies to keep costs down. The study, â€Å"NY Unplugged?   Building Energy Capacity and Curbing Energy Rates in the Empire State,† was released in March by the Empire Center for New York State Policy, which is a project of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. â€Å"New York will need a lot more power—the equivalent of more than five new 500-megawatt generating plants—to avoid blackouts early in the next decade,† said the study.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yet only one new large-scale generating plant, representing barely one-eighth of the required additional capacity, has been proposed in the state since the expiration five years ago of Article X, the landmark state law designed to speed the building of such facilities.† Donald LaVada, director of marketing and development at the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, said energy spending in New York tops $53 billion annually, and 85 percent of the energy used is imported into the state.   And half of it comes from OPEC nations.   With oil heading towards $120 a barrel, energy spending has nowhere to go but up. The cost to the local government remains a drain for taxpayer money.   Back in Albany, the 2008 has appropriated around $33 million for operating expenses, the majority of which will go pay for energy consumption by the city.   A policy change, however, remains to be seen in the country’s third largest state. R E F E R E N C E S Peters, Jeremy W. (2008). Time Runs Short to Decide Albany Health Care Cuts. The New   York Times. February 22, 2008. â€Å"A Better Albany†. (2007). State of the City Address by Mayor Gerald D. Jennings of   Albany New York. Retrieved May 2, 2008 from http://www.albanyny.gov/Government/ MayorsOffice/StateOfTheCity.aspx â€Å"Governor Spitzer Announces Additional Heating Assistance to Combat Rising Energy   Prices†. (2008). Division of Housing & Community Renewal, New York State.   Retrieved May 2, 2008 â€Å"NY Unplugged? Building Energy Capacity and Curbing Energy Rates in the Empire State†.   (2008). Empire Center for New York State Policy. Retrieved May 2, 2008 from   http://www.empirecenter.org/Special-Reports/2008/03/NYUnplugged.cfm â€Å"Proposed Budget Increases Costs to Small Business†. (2008). Alliance Alert. The   Employer Alliance for Affordable Healthcare. Retrieved May 2, 2008 from  http://www.employeralliance.com/images/Newsletter_spring08.pdf

Course_paper-sample.doc Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Course_paper-sample.doc Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers .........................................................................................................................4 1. , .............................................................................6 1.1. .......................................6 1.1.1. I...............................................................7 1.1.2. .....................................................9 1.1.3. .........................................................................10 1.2. ............................................11 1.2.1. ........................................................11 1.2.2. ...................................................12 1.2.3. ...............................................................13 1.2.4. .....................................14 1.3. .....................................................................15 1.3.1. ...............................................................16 1.3.2. ..........................16 1.3.3. ...............................................................17 1.3.4. ...........................................................18 1.3.5. ...........................................................19 1.4. ......................................................20 1..........................................................................................22 2. ...............................................................................................23 2.1. ....23 2.2. .........................................24 2.3. .........................................25 2.4. .....................................26 2.5. .....................................27 2.6. ...............................................28 2..........................................................................................29 .....................................................................................30 .............................................................31 . , ........32 ..........................................................33 , , . . , , , . . , . , . . , , . : ; ; ; , , , . , -, . , , ( ). . , , . , . 1. , . , , , , . , , , . , , . 1.1. . , , , [6, . 85]. (il gerundio), (el gerundio), (le grondif) , Participle I . , () , - [13, . 243-244]. , (), ; . ing I. , : 1) -e -ing, . : to invite inviting. 2) , -ing . : to run - running 3) lie, die . : to lie lying; to die dying. , ,